Female reproductive system

 The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in the reproduction of new offspring. The human female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetus to full term. The internal sex organs are the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The female reproductive tract includes the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes and is prone to infections.^[1] The vagina allows for sexual intercourse and childbirth, and is connected to the uterus at the cervix. The uterus or womb accommodates the embryo, which develops into the fetus. The uterus also produces secretions, which help the transit of sperm to the fallopian tubes, where sperm fertilize ova (egg cells) produced by the ovaries. The external sex organs are also known as the genitals and these are the organs of the vulva including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening.^[2]

Respiration

 

1 .The respiratory center consists of a medullary respiratory center in the medulla and a pontine respirator group in the pons.

2. The medullary respiratory center in the medulla is made up of a dorsal respiratory group (DRG), which controls normal quiet breathing, and a ventral respiratory group (VRG), which is used during forceful breathing and controls the rhythm of breathing.

3. The pontine respiratory group in the pons may modify the rhythm of breathing during exercise, speaking,and sleep.

4. The activity of the respiratory center can be modified in response to inputs from various parts of the body in order to maintain the homeostasis of breathing.

5. These include cortical influences; the inflation reflex; chemical stimuli, such as O2 and CO2 and H_levels; proprioceptor input; blood pressure changes; limbic system stimulation; temperature; pain; and irritation to the airways.

 

 

1 .The respiratory center consists of a medullary respiratory center in the medulla and a pontine respirator group in the pons.

2. The medullary respiratory center in the medulla is made up of a dorsal respiratory group (DRG), which controls normal quiet breathing, and a ventral respiratory group (VRG), which is used during forceful breathing and controls the rhythm of breathing.

3. The pontine respiratory group in the pons may modify the rhythm of breathing during exercise, speaking,and sleep.

4. The activity of the respiratory center can be modified in response to inputs from various parts of the body in order to maintain the homeostasis of breathing.

5. These include cortical influences; the inflation reflex; chemical stimuli, such as O2 and CO2 and H_levels; proprioceptor input; blood pressure changes; limbic system stimulation; temperature; pain; and irritation to the airways.

 

 PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS=====

Diagnostic value—To evaluatefor the presence or severity of lung disease and to measurethe extent of pulmonary impairment so that the effectivenessof therapy can be monitored.

Procedure====All pfts involve a spirometer,and measurements are recorded on a spirogram.The tests may be performed at bedside,orin alaboratory.After a noseclip is applied to stop air movementthrough the nose,the subject breathes into a mouthpiece that is connected to the testing apparatus.The more frequently ordered tests are

1—Forced vital capacity(FVC)

4

2---Forced expiratory volume in onesecond(FEV1)

3---Maximum Mid expiratory flow (MMEF)

4----Maximum voluntary ventilation(MVV)

Detection of specific gravity

Detection of specific gravity

Principle---Specific gravity of urine depends upon the solute present in the urine.When solutes increases ,specific gravity of urine also increases.

Specific gravity is the density of substance ,which is compaired to density of water. Density of water is 1.

Specific gravity of normal urine is—1.012 to 1.025.

Urinometer is used to measure specific gravity of urine.

Parts of Urinometer---1) Stem---is elongated & graduated.

2) Base –is rounded and heavy.                     

Graduation on stem is1.000 at the top & 1.060 at the bottom .

Procedure---Take 20 ml of urine in vertical cylinder.Take another cylinder & fill it with distilled water.Now hold the urinometer with its stem & gently release the urinometer in the cylinder containing distilled water.Let the urinometer float and become stable.When it becomes stable measure the specific gravity of distilled water.----which is 1.

Now hold the urinometer at the top & slowly release the urinometer in the cylyndercontaining urine.Urinometer should float in the urine & should not touch the sides of cylinder.When urinometer becomes  steady then take the reading of specific gravity from the graduations on the stem.Take reading of the lower curvature of the fluid.

Keep the urinometer clean with fresh water and dry it with tissue paper.

Urinometer

URINOMETER
This urinometer is composed of a float, a weight, and a stem. The float is an air-filled glass tube, ending in the weight on the left and the stem on the right. The weight is a bulb filled with ball bearings embedded in a red solid, probably a glue of some sort. The glass stem extends to the right, and has (calibrated) gradations and numbers marked off to indicate specific gravity measurements.
An Urinometer is a simple piece of equipment for determining urine specific gravity.
It is placed in a tube of urine, and where the meniscus of the urine reaches displays the specific gravity of the urine.
An urinometer is typically used in medical diagnostic labs.

cardiac cycle

The Cardiac Cycle

Def: The cardiac events that occur from beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next.

1 Beat = 0.8 sec

Systole = 0.3 sec

Diastole = 0.5 sec

•         Heart at rest

–       Blood flows from large veins into atria

–       Passive flow from atria into ventricles

•         Atria (R & L) contract simultaneously

–       Blood forced into ventricles

•         Ventricles (R & L) contract simultaneously

–       Atrioventricular valves close à “lubb” sound

–       Blood forced into large arteries

•         Ventricles relax

–       Semilunar valves close à “dub” 

Regulation of Heart Rate

              Electrolytes

                  Na⁺, K⁺

                        Ca⁺

Hormonal regulation

Epinephrine

Thyroxine

Other factors

Gender, age, size, health, physical fitness

Indryapanchak

INDRIYAPANCHAK

Mahabhut	Guna	Indriya	Adhishtan	Budhhi
Aakash	Shabdha	Shrotrendriya	Karna (ear)	Shrawan
Vayu	Sparsha	Sparshendriya	Twak (Skin)	Sparshan
Teja	Rupa	Chakshurendriya	Netra (Eyes)	Chakshusya
Aap	Rasa	Rasanendriya	Rasana(Tongue)	Rasan
Pruthvi	Gandha	Ghranendriya	Nasa (Nose )	Ghranaj

The Cardiac Cycle

Def: The cardiac events that occur from beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next.

1 Beat = 0.8 sec

Systole = 0.3 sec

Diastole = 0.5 sec

•         Heart at rest

–       Blood flows from large veins into atria

–       Passive flow from atria into ventricles

•         Atria (R & L) contract simultaneously

–       Blood forced into ventricles

•         Ventricles (R & L) contract simultaneously

–       Atrioventricular valves close à “lubb” sound

–       Blood forced into large arteries

•         Ventricles relax

–       Semilunar valves close à “dub” sound

•         Phases of cardiac cycle

Study of developmental changes in the adolescents girls and its relation with Sharir prakruti.

Title---Study of developmental changes in the adolescents girls and its relation with Sharir prakruti.

Authors –1) Dr. Shital Pawar-Veer,Assis. Prof. ,Yashwantrao Chavan ayurved medical college, At Nipani-Bhalgaon,Beed Road ,Aurangabad

E-mail---shitalpawar285@gmail.com

Mobile No.-9422115223

2) Dr. ( Mrs.) Manisha V. Bhalsing,Associate professor , Dept. of Kriyasharir Bharatividyapeeth college of Ayurved ,Pune

E-mail---drmanisha.vb@ gmail.com

Mobile No.---9970898001

INTRODUCTION:

Ayurveda is an  ancient science of life which deals with every aspect of human life,     Basic principals of ayurveda mainly concern with sharir kriya gives knowledge about dosha sdhatu &mala.

The aim of  ayurveda is to maintain the health of healthy person and cure the diseases.

·         CONCEPT OF SHARIR PRAKRUTI:

Prakruti is nothing but own nature of a person  or constitution ortemperament of a person. Knowing prakruti helps to explain many of differences in individuals. For this it is very necessary to know the prakruti of an individual with the help of prakruti of particular person.There are different types of prakruti for e.g. Doshaja,manas etc. For studying predominance of dosha is the individual, study of prakruti is very important and useful.Prakruti deals with some physical, mental, sensory, motor and spiritual character of individual.

At the time of conception the doshas which are dominance state are responsible for prakruti of the respective foetus.

For study predominance of dosha in the individual, prakruti is very important and useful.

·         CONCEPT OFMENSTRUATION:

India has largest adolescent population in the world.Adolescence is period of transition from childhood to adulthood.On account of urbanization and modernization life style changes are seen.The intake of spicy diet .fried food, are increases in today’s life, which affect the development and growth of children.All these things affect the development of adolescent girls.Menarche is most important event in the life of an adolescent girls.The age of first menstrual periods is between 12-15 years.

According to ayurveda, Age of menarche is twelve years.

Kashyapa mentions the age as sixteen years, which is probably thedescription of appropriate age of conception.Kashyapa further says that this age can be influenced by specific ahara(diets) and arogya (health).

Menarche is the normal physiological process and changes occur in the female body before 1-2 years of menarche.

Due to accumulation of raja there is gradual development of breast, uterus, and vagina along with vulva.

According to Ayurveda age of menarche is 12 year but now days the study shows it decreases upto 10 years.

The term "adolescence" has been defined as including those aged between 10 and 19 years. Adolescence has multifaceted dimensions. The average onset of puberty is at the age 10 for girls. Every person's individual timetable for puberty is influenced primarily by heredity, although environmental factors, such as diet and exercise, also exert some influence. These factors can also contribute to precocious puberty and delayed puberty. Puberty begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is also the stage of life in which a child develops secondary sex characteristics (for example, development of breasts and more curved and prominent hips in girls) her hormonal balance shifts strongly towards an adult state. This is triggered by the pituitary gland, which secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream, initiating a chain reaction. The female gonads are subsequently which secretes a surge of hormone which puts them into a state of rapid growth and development; the triggered gonads now commence the mass production of the necessary chemicals. The ovaries predominantly dispense estrogen. The production of these hormones increases gradually until sexual maturation is met. Put simply, puberty is the time when a child's body starts changing into an adult's body.

Key words---Prakruti, Menstrual cycle,Adolscencent age

References-- 09

.AIM AND OBJECTIVES :   

Study of developmental changes in the adolescents girls and its relation with Sharir prakruti.

OBJECTIVES:

1)         Studyof  sharirprakruti by special prakruti parikshan proforma.

2)         Study of developmental changes in the adolescent girls.

3) Studyof onset of first menarche and current menstruation.

4) Study ofvatadi doshadhikya during menstruation

 5) Study and scrutining of 2, 3, 4, with respect to types of sharir  prakruti.

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

A] Type of Study:

            (1) Literary Study:-

Data of sharir prakruti and developmental changes in adolescent girls was taken from different Ayurvedic Samhitas, Modern texts, Journals, Internet, scientific networks & research papers etc.

(2) Clinical Study:-

Total 170 volunteers were selected from Bharati Vidyapeeth College Of   

Ayurved, Pune.

Consent was taken from all selected cases.

B] INCLUSION CRITERIA:

•           No of females -170.

•           Age group: 10-18 years.

•           Marital status-unmarried.

C] EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

•           Suffering from major illness.

•           No selection will be done on the basis of caste and religion.

D] METHODOLOGY:

                       

•           Study of sharir prakruti parikshan of volunteers according to ayurvedic reference special parikshan proforma related to this topic was prepared.

•           Developmental changes in the adolescent girls and its relation with sharir prakruti was studied.

•           Study of menstrual history, special proforma was prepared.

•           Study of doshadhikya during menstruation,special proforma was

prepared.

         OBSERVATION :

Out of 170 volunteers 20 volunteers left away.Distribution of 150 volunteers according to Prakruti.

PRAKRUTI	NO OF VOLUNTEERS	%OF VOLUNTEERS
VP	12	8
VK	12	8
PV	18	12
PK	48	32
KV	6	4
KP	54	36
Total	150	100

DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS:

ONSET OF FIRST MENSES:	VP	VK	PV	PK	KV	KP	TOTAL
12-14 years	8	8	10	31	4	38	99
More than 14 years	4	4	8	17	2	16	51
TOTAL	12	12	18	48	6	54	150

BREAST DEVELOPMENT:	VP	VK	PV	PK	KV	KP	TOTAL
1 YEAR(A)	6	11	15	24	5	27	88
1 YEAR(B)	6	1	3	24	1	27	62
TOTAL	12	12	18	48	6	54	150

STUDY OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE AT THE TIME OF MENARCHE:

Regularity of cycle	VP	VK	PV	PK	KV	KP	TOTAL
Regular	6	6	9	27	3	40	91
Irregular	6	6	9	21	3	14	59
TOTAL	12	12	18	48	6	54	150

STUDY OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE AT THE TIME OF CURRENT MENSTRUAL CYCLE:

Regularity of cycle	VP	VK	PV	PK	KV	KP	TOTAL
Regular	6	9	12	42	3	42	114
Irregular	6	3	6	6	3	12	36
TOTAL	12	12	18	48	6	54	150

STUDY OF VATADI DOSHDHIKYA DURING MENSTRUAL CYCLE:

	VP	VK	PV	PK	KV	KP
VATA	46%	50%	39%	40%	70%	15%
PITTA	50%	25%	42%	42%	58%	35%
KAPHA	42%	75%	38%	50%	50%	50%

         STASTICAL ANALYSIS :-

The data was collected by using questionnaire. It was qualitative type of data. Hence it was analyzed by using non-parametric test i.e. chi square test.S

	Statistically significant (alpha<0.05)
ONSET OF FIRST MENSES	NO
FEMINIZATION OF VOICE	NO
GROWTH OF PUBIC HAIR & BODY HAIR	YES
BREAST DEVELOPMENT	YES
BODY SHAPE & HEIGHT	YES
PIMPLES	YES

Hence developmental changes in adolescent girls has correlation with sharir parakruti

VATAPRADHAN PITTA PRAKRUTI.	Statistically significant (alpha<0.05)
REGULARITY OF CYCLE	NO
DAYS	YES
NATURE	YES
COLOUR	NO
SMELL	YES
ABDOMINAL PAIN	YES
HEADACHE	YES
BACKACHE	NO

·         DISCUSSION:-    

Principles of Ayurveda are mainly based on Dosha, Dhatu,& Mala concept.The predominance  of dosha’s is described by ‘Prakruti’ examination.

The term prakruti in Sanskrit words means “Nature”, “Creativity” or the first creation. The combination of vata, pitta, and kapha that was present in individual at the time of conception is maintained throughout his life. Different person can have different combination of vata, pitta and kapha as their basicconstitution or prakruti.

The term adolescent means ‘to emerge’ or ‘achieve identity.’ Adolescence is defined as a phase of life characterized by rapid physical growth and development, physical, social and psychological changes and maturity, sexual maturity, experimentation, development of adult mental processes and a move from the earlier childhood socio-economic dependence towards relative independence.

On the basis of Vaya Kala of Stri, twelve and fifty years is the age of menarche and menopause respectively.

From Rasa (Dhatu), the Rakta named raja is formed Rakta reaching in Uterus and coming out for three days in every month is called Artava. Menstruation is a result of changes going on in Vascular apparatus of Uterus forwhole month or in other word this refers to Cyclical changes of endometrium .

In woman of Vatapradhana Prakruti and Rajashika Prakirutihave scanty menses occur which is often painful. The women withPitta pradhana Prakruti have a relatively more flow of Artava whichis painless and women with Kaphapradhana Prakruti have moderate amount of blood flow which is pain less. The purpose to study vayaparinaman is to understand the ayurvedic explanation about  the sexual development through which the girl goes.

·         Onset of menses in Vatapradhan prakruti is 12-14 years in 70% of volunteers.

·         In pittapradhan Vata prakruti  on set of menses is 12-14 years in 55%  volunteers.

·         In pittapradhan Kapha prakruti  on set of menses is 12-14 years in 65%  volunteers.

·         Onset of menses in Kaphapradhan prakruti is 14-16 years in 70% of volunteers.

In Vata Pittaj Prakruti  At the time of menarche cycle is irregular in50% of voluntters,& in current menstrual cycle is also irregular in 50

·         Onset of menses in Vatapradhan prakruti is 12-14 years in 70% of volunteers.

·         In pittapradhan Vata prakruti  on set of menses is 12-14 years in 55%  volunteers.

·         In pittapradhan Kapha prakruti  on set of menses is 12-14 years in 65%  volunteers.

·         Onset of menses in Kaphapradhan prakruti is 14-16 years in 70% of volunteers.

·         In Vata Pittaj Prakruti  At the time of menarche cycle is irregular in50% of voluntters,& in current menstrual cycle is also irregular in 50% of voluntters.

·         In Vata Kaphaj Prakruti At the time of menarche cycle is regular in50% of voluntters ,& in current menstrual cycle is also regular in 75% of voluntters.

·         In  Pitta Vataj Prakruti  At the time of menarche cycle is regular in50% of voluntters ,& in current menstrual cycle is also regular in 67% of voluntters.

·         In Pitta kaphaj Prakruti  At the time of menarche cycle is regular in56% of voluntters ,& in current menstrual cycle is also regular in 80% of voluntters.

·         In Kapha Vataj Prakruti At the time of menarche cycle is regular in50% of voluntters ,& in current menstrual cycle is also regular in 50% of voluntters. •     

·         In Kapha Pittaj Prakruti At the time of menarche cycle is regular in74 % of voluntters ,& in current menstrual cycle is also regular in 78% of voluntters.

VATADI DOSHADHIKYA DURING MENSTRUAL CYCLE:

•           In Vata Pittaj Prakruti volunteers,  Vata – Pitta-& Kapha- doshadhikya  is  46% ,50%,& 42% respectively.

•           In Vata Kaphaj Prakruti volunteers, Vata- Pitta-& Kapha-doshadhikya  is  50% ,25%,&75% respectively.

•           In Pitta Vataj Prakruti volunteers, Vata- Pitta- & Kapha -doshadhikya  is  39% ,42%,& 38% respectively.

•           In Pitta Kaphaj Prakruti volunteers, Vata- Pitta- & Kapha-doshadhikya  is  40% ,42%,& 50% respectively.

•           In  Kapha Vataj Prakruti volunteers,Vata – Pitta-& Kapha -doshadhikya  is  70% ,58%,& 50% respectively.

•           In  Kapha Pittaj Prakruti volunteers,Vata- Pitta-& Kapha doshadhikya  is  15% ,35%,& 50% respectively.

CONCLUSION:

Onset of menses in vatapradhanprakruti& in Pittapradhanprakruti was in between 12-14 years.

•           In kaphapradhanprakruti onset of menses is in between 14-16 years.

•           Feminazation of voice was maximum in kaphapradhan pittaprakruti.

•           Breast development was maximum in vatapradhankaphaprakruti.

•           Growth of pubic hair & body hair was maximum in pittapradhanvataprakruti.

•           Pimples was maximum in pittapradhanvataprakruti.

•           Body temperature was  increased by 0.5oc in vatapradhanprakruti, 0.80c in pittapradhanprakruti&o.30c in kaphapradhanprakruti.

•           Regularity of cycle is maximum in  kaphapradhan pittaprakruti.

•           Red colour of bleeding was present in vatapradhankaphaprakruti&pittapradhankaphaprakruti.

            Bleeding without clot was present in kaphapradhanvataprakruti.

•           Vatadidoshadhikya during the menstrual cycle was nearly same in pittapradhanprakruti.

•           Smell & Headache was present in all prakrutiexcept  kaphapradhanpittaprakruti.

•           Abdominal pain& backache Frequency of micturation& Irritability was present in allprakruti.

•           Exacitability is present in all prakruti, exceptvatapradhankapha, pittapradhankapha, kaphapradhanvataprakruti.

References

1)Charak Samhita, Ed. Kashinath Shastri and Gorakha Nath Chaturvedi, Varanasi, 22nd Edition, 1996, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.

2)Asthang Hriday(Arundatta & Hemadri tikka) 6th Edition 1939,-Pt.Hari Sadashiv Shastri Published – Chaukhamba Surabharati, Prakshan Baranasi.  

3)Asthang Sangraha(Indu tika)Editor- Vaidya Anant Damodhar Athavale.

4)Sushruta Samhita with Nibanda Sangraha Commentary of Shri Dalhanacharya and Shri Gayadas, Ed. Vd. Yadavji Acharya and Narayan Acharya, Karyatirtha, Varanasi, 7th Eddition, 2002, Chaukhamba Orientalia.

6) Kashyap Samhita- Published – Chaukhamba Sanskrit  Sansthan Edition 4^th  1988.

7)Dosha – Dhatu – Mala Vidnyanam – Maharashtra Rajakiya Ayurvediya Anusandhan Samiti, Vd. S. G. Vartak.

8)Text box of medical physiology by Gyton, Eighth Eddition, ISBN 0-7216-3994-1.

9)Principles of Anatomy & Physiology Sixth Eddition by Gerard J. Tortora, Published by Harper & Row, Publishers New York.