1 .The respiratory center consists of a medullary respiratory center in the medulla and a pontine respirator group in the pons.

2. The medullary respiratory center in the medulla is made up of a dorsal respiratory group (DRG), which controls normal quiet breathing, and a ventral respiratory group (VRG), which is used during forceful breathing and controls the rhythm of breathing.

3. The pontine respiratory group in the pons may modify the rhythm of breathing during exercise, speaking,and sleep.

4. The activity of the respiratory center can be modified in response to inputs from various parts of the body in order to maintain the homeostasis of breathing.

5. These include cortical influences; the inflation reflex; chemical stimuli, such as O2 and CO2 and H_levels; proprioceptor input; blood pressure changes; limbic system stimulation; temperature; pain; and irritation to the airways.

 

 

1 .The respiratory center consists of a medullary respiratory center in the medulla and a pontine respirator group in the pons.

2. The medullary respiratory center in the medulla is made up of a dorsal respiratory group (DRG), which controls normal quiet breathing, and a ventral respiratory group (VRG), which is used during forceful breathing and controls the rhythm of breathing.

3. The pontine respiratory group in the pons may modify the rhythm of breathing during exercise, speaking,and sleep.

4. The activity of the respiratory center can be modified in response to inputs from various parts of the body in order to maintain the homeostasis of breathing.

5. These include cortical influences; the inflation reflex; chemical stimuli, such as O2 and CO2 and H_levels; proprioceptor input; blood pressure changes; limbic system stimulation; temperature; pain; and irritation to the airways.

 

 PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS=====

Diagnostic value—To evaluatefor the presence or severity of lung disease and to measurethe extent of pulmonary impairment so that the effectivenessof therapy can be monitored.

Procedure====All pfts involve a spirometer,and measurements are recorded on a spirogram.The tests may be performed at bedside,orin alaboratory.After a noseclip is applied to stop air movementthrough the nose,the subject breathes into a mouthpiece that is connected to the testing apparatus.The more frequently ordered tests are

1—Forced vital capacity(FVC)

4

2---Forced expiratory volume in onesecond(FEV1)

3---Maximum Mid expiratory flow (MMEF)

4----Maximum voluntary ventilation(MVV)