Thursday 28 February 2019

Detection of specific gravity


Detection of specific gravity

Principle---Specific gravity of urine depends upon the solute present in the urine.When solutes increases ,specific gravity of urine also increases.

Specific gravity is the density of substance ,which is compaired to density of water. Density of water is 1.
Specific gravity of normal urine is—1.012 to 1.025.

Urinometer is used to measure specific gravity of urine.
Parts of Urinometer--  -1) Stem---is elongated & graduated.
                                        2) Base –is rounded and heavy.                     
                                        Graduation on stem is1.000 at the top & 1.060 at the bottom .

Procedure---Take 20 ml of urine in vertical cylinder.Take another cylinder & fill it with distilled water.Now hold the urinometer with its stem & gently release the urinometer in the cylinder containing distilled water.Let the urinometer float and become stable.When it becomes stable measure the specific gravity of distilled water.----which is 1.
Now hold the urinometer at the top & slowly release the urinometer in the cylyndercontaining urine.Urinometer should float in the urine & should not touch the sides of cylinder.When urinometer becomes  steady then take the reading of specific gravity from the graduations on the stem.Take reading of the lower curvature of the fluid.
Keep the urinometer clean with fresh water and dry it with tissue paper.

RBC COUNT--For full article follow the link



RBC COUNT--For full article follow the link




https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nOxhMGOpCUogJLBEWyHba_jpnsnylozG/view?usp=sharing

Wednesday 27 February 2019

Urinary system


Urinary system





The stethoscope –


The stethoscope

is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body. It is often used to listen to lung and heart sounds. It is also used to listen to intestines and blood flow in arteries and veins. In combination with a sphygmomanometer, it is commonly used for measurements of blood pressure.
Stethoscopes usually have rubber earpieces which aid comfort and create a seal with the ear improving the acoustic function of the device. Stethoscopes can be modified by replacing the standard earpieces with moulded versions which improve comfort and transmission of sound. Moulded earpieces can be cast by an audiologist or made by the stethoscope user from a kit.

Cardiac cycle

UG--PG-syllabus

  DR.(Mrs.) MANISHA V. BHALSING
                                                  KRIYA SHARIR  (  1BAMS )
                                                                (PHYSIOLOGY)
                                         

PAPER- I
PART A
·        Conceptual study of fundamental principles of Ayurvediya Kriya Sharir e.g - Panchamahabhuta, Tridosha,
·        Triguna, Loka-Purusha Samya, Samanya-Vishesha. Description of basics of Srotas
·        Description of the components of Purusha and classification of Purusha, role of
Shatdhatupurusha in Kriya Sharira and Chikitsa
·        Respiratory Physiology in Ayurveda,


PART- B
Modern Physiology

·        Physiology of respiratory system: functional anatomy of respiratory system. Definition of ventilation,
·        mechanism of respiration, exchange and transport of gases, neural and chemical control of respiration,

·        artificial respiration, asphyxia, hypoxia. Introduction to Pulmonary Function Tests

·        Physiology of temperature regulation.

PAPER-II 
        PART –A
·        Mala: Etymological derivation and definition of the term Mala.                   

·        Aharamala: Enumeration and
description of the process of formation of Aharamala.
·        Purisha: Etymological derivation, definition, formation, properties, quantity and functions of Purisha.
Physiology of Purishavaha Srotas, manifestations of Vriddhi and Kshhaya of Purisha.
·        Mutra: Etymological derivation, definition, formation, properties, quantity and functions of Mutra. Physiology
of Mutravaha Srotas, physiology of urine formation in Ayurveda, manifestations of Vriddhi and Kshhaya of
Mutra.
·        Sveda: Etymological derivation, definition, formation and functions of Sveda. Manifestations of Vriddhi and
Kshaya of Sveda. Discription of Svedvaha Strotas
PART –B
 Modern Physiology

·        Physiology of cardio-vascular system: Functional anatomy of cardiovascular system. Cardiac cycle.
o   Heart Sound.
·        Regulation of cardiac output and venous return..
·         Heart-rate and its
regulation.
·        Arterial pulse. Systemic arterial blood pressure and its control.
·        Adipose tissue, lipoproteins like VLDL, LDL and HDL triglycerides.
·        Functions of skin, sweat glands and sebaceous glands.

·        Physiology of male and female reproductive systems. Description of ovulation, spermatogenesis, oogenesis,

·        menstrual cycle.


·        Physiology of Excretion – functional anatomy of urinary tract,    

·        functions of kidney.

·        Mechanism of formation of urine, control of micturition.
          Formation of faeces and mechanism of defecation.

   PRACTICAL



1)Ayurvedic practical

               Assessment of Sara

        2)  Microscopic examination of blood
              
                   Total RBC count

        

         3)Urine examination –Physical examination, chemical                   
                                      examination.
                          Test for normal constituents of urine.
Detection of specific gravity and reaction of urine.






             















 MD  PRELIMINARY  KRIYASHARIR


THEORY
      
 PART -A
Theory of Loka-Purusha Samya
Theory of Panchamahabhuta 
        Physiological aspects of Samanya – Vishesha siddhanta
    Concepts of Tridosha and Triguna
Process of Ahara Parinama including Aharaparinamakara Bhava and    Asta Ahara Vidhi Visesayatana
Ashtavidha Sara.
        Concept  of Srotas
           
 PART –B

§  Essentials of cardiovascular physiology- cardiac cycle, regulation    of  heart 
§  rate and blood pressure.
§  Essentials of respiratory physiology- regulation of respiration-chemical and
§  neural, gaseous exchange, transportation of gases.
·        Physiology of excretion- mechanism of urine formation, micturition.
·        Study of male and female reproductive system: functions of                 

                                            Reproductive Hormones.
  PRACTICALS               


Ayurvedic practicals

Assessment of Sara

Total RBC count

Urine examination -
   Physical examination- Specific gravity and reaction of   urine
   Chemical examination
    Albumin test
     Sugar test
       Ketone bodies
        Bile salts and pigments






















           MDPaper-2nd / 3rd  SYLLABUS

 I (Dosa-Dhātu-Mala Vijñāna)

·        Theory of Pancamahābhūta
         Principle of Loka-Purusa Sāmya
         Importance of Sāmānya - Viśesa principle.
         Different views on the composition of Purusa and the importance of Cikitsya Purusa.
         Importance of Gurvādi Guna in Ayurveda.
         General description of Tridosa theory
         Mutual relationship between Triguna-Tridosa-Pancamahābhūta-  Indriya.

·        Description of the characteristic features of Astavidha Sāra.
·        Description of Rasavaha, Raktavaha, Māmsavaha, Medovaha, Asthivaha, Majjāvaha and Śukravaha Srotāmsi.

·        Study of Tvak
·         Physiology of Mala - Definition of the term ‘Mala’. Definition, Formation, Properties, Quantity and Functions of Purīsa, Mutra. Manifestations of Vrddhi and Kshaya of Purīsa and Mūtra.
·         Sveda – Definition, Formation, Properties, Quantity and Functions of Svedavaha Srotāmsi. Formation of Sveda. Manifestations of Vrddhi and Ksaya of Sveda.

Paper-II –

           Prakrti- Sattva Vijñāna
           
• Physiology of Pain and temperature

Paper-III - Kosthanga Kriya Vijñāna



• Āhāra: Definition and significance of Āhāra. Classification of Āhāra. Āhāra-vidhi-vidhāna. Asta āhāravidhi viśesāyatana, Āhāraparināmakara bhāva
Paper-IV
-

 Modern Physiology and its applied aspect

• Male and female reproductive physiology. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Hormonal regulation of uterine and ovarian cycles. Physiology of pregnancy and lactation. Parturition.

• Adipose tissue and its Function. Circulating lipids. Description of lipoproteins like VLDL, LDL and HDL and their composition.

·         Physiology of Cardio-Vascular system: Functional anatomy of cardiovascular system. Cardiac cycle. Heart sounds. Regulation of cardiac output and venous return.. Heart-rate and its regulation. Arterial pulse. Systemic arterial blood pressure and its control. Regional circulations. Physiology of lymphatic circulation.
• Physiology of Respiratory system: Functional anatomy of respiratory system. Ventilation. Mechanism of respiration. Exchange and transportation of gases. Neural and chemical control of respiration. Spirometry and lung function tests. Artificial respiration.



Physiology of Excretion:

• Physiology of excretion. Functional anatomy of urinary tract. Functions of kidneys. Mechanism of formation of urine. Control of micturition. Renal function tests.

• Structure and functions of skin, sweat glands and sebaceous glands.

• Physiograph, Computerised spirometry, Biochemical Analyzer, Pulse oxymeter, Elisa Reader, Hematology Analyzer, Tread mill






PRACTICAL
           
       Ayurvedic practicals

·        Assessment of Sāra

·        Mūtra Parīksa

·         Total RBC count


·        Urine examination
·        Physical examination
·         Specific gravity and reaction of urine
·         Detecting the presence of Alb umin in urine


·         Detecting the presence of Sugar in urine
·        Detecting the presence of Ketone bodies in urine
·        Detecting the presence of Bile salts and bile pigments in urine

     Cardio-Vascular system


• Clinical methods of examining cardiovascular system
• Arterial blood pressure measurement: Effect of posture, exercise and cold pressor test on Blood Pressure
• Heart Sounds


Respiratory system
• Clinical examination of Respiratory System
• Lung Function Tests including Spirometry






SYLLABUS FOR Ph.D  Kriyasharir
       
·       Study of Basic principles related tokriyasharir

Description of recent advances in the understanding of different biophysical and biochemical mechanisms involved in physiology and their correlation with Ayurvedic fundamentals.

·       Applied aspect of Dosha Dhatu Mala


·       Physiology , Histology and functional anatomy of Excretary system.

·       Applied aspect of Prakruti and Sarta .


·       Cardiovascular system , Respiratory and  Reproductive system ..